A Conversation between Vaclav Havel, Thomas Hobbes and John Lock on Essay

A Conversation between Vaclav Havel, Thomas Hobbes and John Lock on the Idea of Liberty - Essay Example That these inalienable rights come from god but at the same time destroy him. HAVEL: not necessarily destroy him, but at least to change our view of what he is. That is what I mean by talking about the Anthropic Cosmological Principal. HOBBES: Ah yes, the idea that the universe . . . . What is that word you used HAVEL: Evolved. HOBBES: And I assume from the context that it means how the universe came about - you are suggesting that it developed over time HAVEL: Exactly. HOBBES; The Bible says it was created in seven days. LOCKE: Or rather seven units of time - we are not entirely sure of the translation, surely you know that. HOBBES: But the Bible is infallible . . . HAVEL: Gentlemen, gentlemen, it is difficult enough to talk about politics on its won, with getting into the territory of politics and religion. (All three men laugh) HOBBES: But seriously, your whole speech seemed to be heading in that direction. The idea of this self-transcendence - that all human beings are somehow linked to the universe by being reflected in it. The idea that of all the possible universes that God might have created, He chose this one . . . LOCKE: Or evolved, I like the idea of that. I must read more about it. HOBBES: Evolved then. That this one evolved rather than all the . . . LOCKE: I feel, thinking about it, that the two are not mutually exclusive. HOBBES: Meaning LOCKE: This Enlightenment that I am said to have created in England, it was based upon the idea of science, that things could be explained but that did not necessarily suggest that God does not exist. It merely showed how wonderful His universe is. HAVEL: That's exactly the point. It doesn't really matter whether God exists or not . . . HOBBES; I must protest. HAVEL: All that matters is that we are anchored on.... . LOCKE: This Enlightenment that I am said to have created in England, it was based upon the idea of science, that things could be explained but that did not necessarily suggest that God does not exist. It merely showed how wonderful His universe is. HAVEL: True. This photograph, it was published in newspapers all over the world and showed people how very small the world is, how we are lost in the blackness of space and how we should stop our present course of constant wars. HOBBES: Of course not: the individual will look at this photograph and then forget about it in the next moment. Most people are only concerned with their immediate life: their family, friends, job, getting food on the table. They don't have the time for this kind of thing. HOBBES: Exactly. And at the end of your speech you said (taking a copy of it from his pocket) "yes, the only real hope of people today is probably a renewal of our certainty that we are rooted in the earth and, at the same time, in the cosmos." I think that seems to say that your modern philosopher was right when he said, "only a God can save us now."

Consumer Preference About Different Branded Sports Shoes Essay Example for Free

Consumer Preference About Different Branded Sports Shoes Essay Statement about the problem This project takes a look in various kinds of Merchandising activities, Market Share of different sports shoes and various Sales Promotion schemes, which are followed in the Sports shoes industry. The three major global players i. e. Reebok, Nike, and Adidas dominate the sports shoes industry in India. India is one of few battlegrounds in the world where there is neck-to-neck competition between the three. The companies claim to be in number one sport coating the data produced by two different marketing research companies. In the 1980s, Adidas sneakers became popular amongst teenagers and young men. The Adidas sneaker was popularized by the Run DMC song My Adidas and became a huge fashion trend. The Tapie affair the history of the company as presented by its official web site is incomplete, perhaps because it is indirectly linked to financial scandals. After a period of serious trouble. The death of Adolf Dasslers son Horst Dassler in 1987, the company was bought in 1990 by Bernard Tapie, for 1. 6 billion French francs ($320 million), which Tapie borrowed. Tapie was at the time a famous specialist of rescuing bankrupt companies, a business on which he built his fortune. Nike is the worlds #1 manufacturer and marketer of athletic footwear and apparel. Almost out of the blue, the company established itself as one of the worlds most familiar brands during the 1980s and 1990s. As familiar as a Coke bottle or Big Mac, the Nike swoosh logo came to symbolize not just sports culture, but street culture, as the appeal of the star players who endorsed the brand was carried onto city streets. The approach of the new century set Nike new problems. Trainers went (briefly) out of fashion, economic slowdown and labor problems hit Asian performance. But the group has bounced back, retaining its iron grip on the sporting apparel sector and still undisputed leader in sports-oriented street wear. Reebok is the worlds third-largest maker of sneakers, athletic shoes and sports apparel. Goods are sold under the brands Reebok, Rockport and Greg Norman Collection.

Introduction To Cultural Anthropology Religion Essay

Introduction To Cultural Anthropology Religion Essay 1. Sorcery vs. witchcraft; ? almost identical terms as both use the magic spells, mystical or paranormal means to harness occult forces to produce desired results. Ideally speaking, persons pursuing witchcraft do not aim at producing evil results. Somehow the term sorcery is used pejoratively to denote the use of supernatural powers to produce unnatural and negative course of events. [0 Source: http://www.witchcraft.com.au/witchcraft-and-sorcery.html] sorcery -can be learnt and practiced by anyone, use of materilas to invoke supernatural powers to harm people. witchcraft- is considered to result from inherent mystical powers and is practiced by invisible means. No use of materials rather harm through use of T supernatural means, but through emotions and thought alone. [0 Source: http://www.witchcraft.com.au/witchcraft-and-sorcery.html] 2. Animism, ? is the absence of any belief in god, rather, belief that people have souls or spirits in addition to physical, visible bodies [0 Source: http://quizlet.com/dictionary/animism/] 3. Polytheism,? is the belief of multiple deities also usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own mythologies and rituals. Lead to rise in religious class which holds special powers for the devine legitimacy. Usually the religious follows through hereditary. [0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism] 4. Monotheism; ? the belief in the existence of one god, one supreme. Religious power usually only under hands of religious class. 5. Magic; ? ? System of supernatural beliefs which leads to manipulation of the forces. Usually for specific purpose such as protection from illness, misfortune, natural evens, and cure and even prevent illness from occurring. Usually individually oriented, and practiced at irregular times- in times of need. 2. Short essays (one/two paragraphs): IN YOUR OWN WORDS, respond to any TWO of the following questions. Illustrate with examples. There is no need for citations. Please make sure to copy down the question in your paper in its entirety, bold it, and then follow it with your response. (10 points) 1. Define ritual and the sacred. What functions do formal rituals play in society? How about the sacred? Illustrate with examples. 2. Define Rites of Passage. What are their functions in society? Who are the main anthropologists who discuss it? What are the different stages of a rite of passage? Illustrate with an example. How do the stages of a Rite of Passage apply to your example? A ritual event that marks a person s progress from one status to another, usually shows anthropologist what s important for a certain culture, usually in a ceremony form surrounded events such as puberty, coming of age, marriage, and deaths. Some examples of rites of passage for religion are baptism, confirmations, which are important to certain religions. This Idea of Rites of passage was introduced by Arnold van Gennep, as first introduced the idea of the transitional phase between childhood and full inclusion into a social group. According to Gennep it has three phases, the Separation, transition and Re-incorporation phases. In the first state its the withdraw from current status as you prepare to more from one status to another, usually symbolized by detachment of a individual or group to symbolize the cutting away from your old self. The second state is the period between the old stage and new stage, also the most dangerous. You haven t entered the new stage but already left the old stage. The threshold. And the thirdstage is the re-incorporation where you are not defined as a new person through a new stage. You completed your duty and are ready to reeneter the world as a new person, which can be symbolized by a ring, belt, crown, or anything else. An example of this idea if graduation, the seperation stage is when you are separated from your family and on stage. The inbetween stage is when you are actually standing up but have not yet gotten your diploma this is the threshold- your not a graduate yet but at the same time you are no longer a student. and the reincorporation is when you sit back down as a college graduate and go back with your family no longer on stage. 3. Discuss the difference between illegal alien and undocumented worker as discussed by Leo Chavez in Shadowed Lives. When you normally think of someone who is an illegal alien and an undocumented worker its usually the same idea. according to Chavez in Shadowed lives these two are different concepts when it comes to immigrants. On page 15 Chavez defines the undocumented immigrants- when speaking of individuals who have crossed the border illegally, without the consent of the INS, and who reside in the United States. so in simple terms they are immigrants with out documents from the INS. One the other hand the idea Illegal Alien is defines as the legality of undocumented immigrants presence in the United States. They are not legitimate members of the community. They are rather outsiders, but actually they are the same thing as an undocumented worker just with a negative connotation. And missed qualities due to the words alien- outsiders. Both illegal aliens and undocumented workers do the same act just one is followed with negative connotation with the names illegal and a alien. 3. Long Essay (5 paragraphs/sections). Answer any ONE of the following. Remember to structure your response in a five paragraph/sections format (Introduction, three body paragraphs/sections, conclusion). Always start by defining your terms. Illustrate your response with examples, materials from readings, lectures, and class discussions. For question 1, you are expected to reference/cite at least three sources from your readings. For questions 2 and 3, you are expected to reference at least three examples. Remember to include a bibliography at the end of your essay. (25 points) 1. Define religion. How do anthropologists approach religion? What are some of the common cross-cultural features of religion? How do anthropologists classify religious forms? What are the main types found around the world? What are the main functions in society? Lastly, in your conclusion, discuss whether you think religion hinders or encourages social change. Illustrate with ethnographic evidence and materials from class discussion and readings. Religion is a term that is used by anthropologists in order to define a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful and long lasting moods, formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothes with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivation seem uniquely realistic (Geertz). In reality the definition of religion is one that is difficult to distinguish from social institutions since there are different rituals for each religion and some ideas can be religion for some but not for others. This is where boundaries usually get blurred and non-existent, therefore unable to have a definite religion. Anthropologists usually look at the idea of religion to view the hierarchy of a culture as well as to compare and contrast different cultures and their beliefs. One of the common cross-cultural features of religious if the idea of the supernatural ideology. The supernatural is the idea that tends to be in every culture just in different ways. But usually related to two forms the non-human and the human origin. The Nonhuman origin is the Gods whom are named different personalities. The other form is spirits- these are unnamed supernatural beings of non-human origin who are beneath the gods in prestige and often closer to the people, these can be evil, helpful and even mischievous. The Human origin of supernatural beings is Ghosts whom were once human since they are the souls of the dead people. As well as ancestral spirits whom are the ghosts of dead relatives. The way that we interact with the supernatural seems to be different depending on the culture; this can be by prayer, physiological experience, simulations, feasts, as well as sacrifices of animals or other things. The main parts of religion that anthropologists look at are cults which are forms of religions that have heir own set of beliefs, rituals, and goals (Ferraro) which vary from Individualistic, which have no religious specialists but rather each person has a personal calling/relationship with the spirit. Followed by the Shamanistic cults, which are part time religious specialists who have supernatural powers by either birth or training. This is where all contemporary societies have their own method of a shaman. The roles that one has is a healer, fortune telling in exchange for gifts, and possesses the power to control spirits, and prevent them from causing harm. Followed by Communal Cult- which as an elaborate set of beliefs, where groups of people conduct religious functions on behalf of community, Such as rites of passage or rites of solidarity (Gennep). The last cult that is followed by anthropologists is the Ecclesiastical cults, which are monotheistic, or polytheistic religions, with full time professional clergy, who is either elected of appointed. With these cults women are usually not associated with this class. Usually consisting of a hierarchy between the clergy and the lay people, where the clergy are the ritual managers who are active and the lay people whom are passive. The main types of religions in the world have Christian fundamentalism, which have increased over the past decades, with the influence of public national and international policies. These usually restrict scientific and technological innovations. The second type is the Islamic fundamentalism and the religious nationalism where the movements to merge religions are in the hands of governmental institutions and leaders. As well as globalization by the western societies seen as a threat, which lead to safety of religion but rather brought in more restrictions. In conclusion I think that religion actually encourages social change because we are always finding new ways of defining our world, we always have people that are fighting against religious beliefs, therefore the longer we have it the more of a threat it will be and the more things that religious talks about will be debunked. We are seeing religion as being an essential part of life but its always resulting a a change in society for the better or for the worse, with different people falling under different categories of Atheism, polytheistic and monotheistic, due to new findings. Therefore religious is actually encouraging change not stopping change from occurring. You always have people that actually believe once again or those that believe in more than one god, or those that completely lost hope in religious due to new studies. > C. Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, in Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion , ed. M. Banton (London: Tavistock, 1966): 1-46 > Gennep, van Arnold, Rites of passage. 1960. > Ferraro, Chapter 12 Part 1, Supernatural Beliefs. Powerpoint- Religion and Magic.

The Police Force Essay -- American History, Police Training

Throughout history the police force has severely changed, with the first forms of policing appearing in the Anglo-Saxon period in England; where the king would provide protection to the civilians for a tax (Mawby, 1999). Centuries later and the principles of protecting the people are generally the same. However, in recent times crimes and perpetrators are becoming more sophisticated; the need for higher abilities to control and manage these complicated situations is becoming more prevalent. It can be seen that the entry requirements into the police force are also dramatically increasing over the decades. This paper aims to critically assess the effectiveness of higher education requirements by outlining the advantages and disadvantages and how it can be improved further. To gain a further understanding a brief history of the constant debate will be analysed. At the beginning of the twentieth century, in Berkeley, California, Police Chief August Vollmer expressed his encouragement for police to acquire a formal university education (Carte, 1973). Unfortunately it wasn’t until the late 1960s that significant debate arose from police leaders about the effectiveness and benefits of formal qualifications, and how it plays a role in police professionalism (Roberg and Bonn 2004). The first major debate in Australia occurred in 1990; when the National Police Professionalism Implementation Advisory Committee (NPPIAC) recommended that to achieve national professionalism in police services, a university qualification should be included in the education requirements (Trofymowych, 2008). Although the topic has been debated for almost a century only minimal requirements have been applied. In Queensland the current education requirements f... ...e early 1990s; it is recommended this should be the requirement instead of the current 18 months of tertiary education. The belief that the current 18 months is sufficient enough is very lacking. The main point which has been seen is to increase the ‘professionalism’ of an individual, however it is hard to believe that a person will be professional if they only achieve half a university degree then quit. A nationwide requirement needs to be set out as a minimum for the security of Australia; it is believed that the advancement of skills, methods and training can only be achieved through higher levels of education. It is unclear if police will ever attain ‘professional’ status; however it is believed that with the correct structure and implementation, higher education will play the deciding factor. Although it is also believed that there is still a long way to go.

A Palaeo Environmental Assessment Of Sediments

This palaeo-environmental Reconstruction is based upon utilizing a multi-proxy attack to analyze lake deposits. The lake of Wuxu-hai prevarications in the Province of Yunnan, southwest China ( figures 1 and 2 ) and consists of a individual basin mensurating 1.7km2 situated at an height of 3630m a.s.l. It is thought that Wuxu-hai Lake was formed by glacial procedures during the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) . At present, the catchment lies in a sub-alpine flora belt situated at 250m below the current treeline. The flora is chiefly comprised of cone-bearing wood ( Pinus, Picea and Abies ) , deciduous and evergreen Quercus. The country above the current treeline is dominated by grassland steppe. 1.2. Materials, Methods and Techniques In 2008 a 6.5 m nucleus was extracted from the Centre of Wuxu-hai Lake and sub-sampled at a declaration of 2cm, utilizing a multi-proxy attack, affecting a assortment of lithological and biological techniques. Vegetation screen Reconstruction within the lake catchment is inferred from alterations in the pollen concentrations of species over clip ( Pinus, Quercas, Artemisia and Poaceae ) . Loss on Ignition ( LOI ) has been carried out to find the organic content of the nucleus. Furthermore, Mineral Magnetic Analysis ( Xlf ) has taken topographic point in order to find the entire magnetic composing of the majority deposit. Finally, Micro Charcoal analysis ( grains/cm3 ) has been used to uncover counts of micro wood coal, supplying a record of past fire events within the catchment. Figure 1: Map exemplifying the Figure 2: Detailed map of Yunnan States of China. Province ( approx 380,000km2 ) . 2. ) Chronology Radiocarbon dating was carried out on 12 equally separated subdivisions of the nucleus utilizing a assortment of different stuffs. The natural 14C ages can non be straight used as a calendar day of the month. This is because the degrees of atmospheric 14C have non remained changeless during the span of clip that can be radiocarbon dated. Therefore, the natural 14C ages BP have been calibrated at 1 sigma and expressed as a mid point value ( Cal yr BP ) to give accurate calendar old ages. ( table 1 ) . Depth Material 14C Age ( uncalibrated ) Cal year BP ( 2 sigma ) Standard Error Median Age ( Cal yr BP ) Calender Year 72.25 Wood 8001 Â ± 50 8698 – 9011 0.979567 8854.5 Â ± 50 6904.5 80.25 Shell 7899 Â ± 65 8587 – 8987 1 8787 Â ± 65 6837 130.5 Wood 9211 Â ± 39 10253 – 10443 0.858516 10348 Â ± 39 8398 142.5 Leaf 9555 Â ± 55 10702 – 11109 0.991144 10905.5 Â ± 55 8955.5 151.5 Leaf 10018 Â ± 27 11329 – 11629 0.959505 11479 Â ± 27 9529 225.5 Majority 8742 Â ± 125 9535 – 10160 1 9847.5 Â ± 125 7897.5 268.5 Seed 13571 Â ± 33 15800 – 16546 1 16173 Â ± 33 14223 307.5 Leaf 14258 Â ± 54 16618 – 17438 1 17028 Â ± 54 15078 359.5 Wood 14723 Â ± 67 17285 – 18083 1 17684 Â ± 67 15734 431.5 Wood 16216 Â ± 41 19228 – 19484 1 19356 Â ± 41 17406 501.5 Shell 12321 Â ± 78 13994 – 14734 1 14364 Â ± 78 12414 629.5 Majority 18921 Â ± 102 22238 – 22638 1 22438 Â ± 102 20488 Table 1: Chronology tabular array exemplifying calibrated 14C AMS day of the months for WX1-08 nucleus. On-line standardization was calculated utilizing Calib Executive Version 5.0.2 package ( Stuiver and Reimer, 1993 ) . The tabular array besides illustrates the carbon 14 ages, standard mistake values, deepnesss of stuffs dated, type of stuff, uncalibrated and graduated day of the months. 3. ) Age-depth Model Figure 3: Age-depth theoretical account covers the period from 22.438 cal year BP – nowadays. Age deepness theoretical account Using the information illustrated in table 1, an age-depth theoretical account was created for the nucleus. However, it is necessary to province that when making the age-depth theoretical account, two of the original informations points were removed ( Table 2 ) . Depth Material 14C Age ( uncalibrated ) Cal year BP ( 2 sigma ) Standard Error Median Age ( Cal yr BP ) Calender Year 225.5 Majority 8742 Â ± 125 9535 – 10160 1 9847.5 Â ± 125 7897.5 501.5 Shell 12321 Â ± 78 13994 – 14734 1 14364 Â ± 78 12414 Table 2: Table exemplifying the 2 values that were considered anomalousnesss. The majority and shell stuffs, which were at deepnesss of 225.5 and 501.5 within the nucleus sample represented significantly lower median ages than the information points above them. This instantly became apparent when plotting them on the age-depth theoretical account as their average ages ( Cal yr BP ) represented obvious anomalousnesss. These values were removed from the age-depth theoretical account. Figure 4: Four zones have been interpreted from the magnetic susceptibleness values. These values indicate mineral magnetic belongingss which can be used to set up alterations in rates of deposit which can so deduce alterations in clime or alterations is the energy of the clime around the catchment ( Dearing, 1986 ) . The four zones stretch across all placeholders leting a multi-proxy probe in which palaeo Reconstruction is based on the integrating of grounds from all the beginnings. Entire organic C Pinus Quercus Artemisia Poaceae Loss-on-Ignition Charcoal Magnetic Susceptibility Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Grains Per Gram Xlf 9517 13371 16376 19033 20827 22105 Entire organic Silicate Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 5. ) Data reading 5.1. ) The undermentioned subdivision is an reading of the dataset in order to bring forth a paleoenvironmental history for Wuxu-hai Lake. Comparisons to local and regional datasets will be made throughout to measure larger-scale forms that could be related to climatic alterations. Proxy Inference Pinus Tree ( Pine ) Coniferous Grows at High heights ( Upland tree ) Cool conditions, precipitation Poor, coarse textured dirts pollen-analytical oscillations Temporal alterations in flora screen ( vegetation belt displacements ) Treelines: climatically sensitive transitional zones Ecological alterations Not all workss produce same measures of pollen Quercus Tree ( Oak ) Deciduous and Evergreen Grows at lower lifts than Pinus ( Valley braid ) Better dirts than Pinus Artemisia Herb/Shrub Grows at lower lifts than Pinus Warm conditions, prohibitionist Steppe environment Gramineae Grass Occurs in a broad assortment of environments Chiefly grassland steppe ( above treeline ) Loss on Ignition Organic content of sample Charcoal Record of past fire events Magnetic Susceptibility Geology, dirt procedures, deposit tracts, pollution, biological conditions ( Thomas and Goudie, 2000 ) Erosion rates and beginning of deposits Table 3: Summary of Proxies measured and how they can be used for palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction. 5.2. ) Zone 4: ( 635.75cm-500cm ) 22,500 Cal yr BP-20,000 Cal year BP ( approx ) At the beginning of this period Artemisia concentrations experience a big addition and disconnected lessening which is so followed by a steady overall addition to the terminal of this period. This steady overall addition is besides apparent from the Poaceae concentrations. However, the Pinus concentrations, which continually fluctuate during this period, illustrate an overall lessening. The Quercus concentrations fluctuate but remain at a relatively low degree throughout this period. These pollen concentrations suggest that the treeline was sing a progressive diminution in height during this period, leting an increased growing in highland grasses above the treeline. This causes increased Artemisia and Poaceae concentration which, in bend, would show that the catchment country was sing ice chest temperatures than antecedently. Yu et al. , ( 2003 ) survey utilizing a digest of lake records across China illustrated that cold, wet conditions were experienced in western China, before the LGM, produced by a lessening in vaporization due to a low temperature on land and an addition in precipitation. Towards the terminal of the zone the Pinus concentrations experience a rapid lessening to much lower values than old. The degrees of wood coal besides lessening. At this point the Poaceae and Artimisia concentrations demonstrate a rapid addition. This suggests that the treeline retreated to even lower heights within the catchment country, where it was sing even colder conditions than earlier and increased precipitation. During this clip Yan et al. , ( 2007 ) illustrated glacial-induced downward migrations of alpine species ( Pinus ) in cardinal and west of Yunnan Province. The magnetic susceptibleness signal demonstrates multiple fluctuations throughout this period. However, more specifically, it is apparent that the signal high spots a autumn in the mineral magnetic belongingss of the deposit at the terminal of this period. This lessening in the mineral magnetic signal indicates a alteration in the rates of deposit, perchance due to reduced rates of dirt eroding within the catchment. 5.3. ) Zone 3: ( 500cm-360cm ) 20,000 Cal year BP -18,000 Cal year BP ( approx ) All pollen concentrations fluctuate greatly during this period showing the environmental volatility that was being experienced within the catchment. The Pinus pollen diagram demonstrates that several periods of rapid reduced concentrations take topographic point, in between several periods of rapid increased concentrations. This suggests that during this period of environmental volatility the treeline height was continually fluctuating as a consequence of a series of cold stages within the catchment. These continual fluctuations in treeline height are besides apparent from the Artemisia and Poaceae concentrations. As the Pinus concentrations quickly decrease due to a decrease in treeline height and hence tree screen, the Artemisia and Poaceae concentrations quickly increase, due to an expansion of grassland countries situated above the treeline. Therefore, it is clear that this period represents an unstable clime which was continually switching between cold and warm stages. Throughout this period there is a continued fluctuation in the magnetic susceptibleness signal. However, the fluctuations occur at lower values than antecedently seen in zone 4. It is apparent that at the terminal of this zone there is a sudden important autumn in the magnetic susceptibleness signal. It appears that this lessening may be associated with the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) . The timing of the LGM in China is problematic. However many writers place the LGM at 18,000 BP. Equally good as the autumn in the magnetic susceptibleness signal, it is evident from the pollen diagrams that at this clip there are immediate big lessenings in Artemisia and Poaceae concentrations and, after a lag period, big additions in Pinus and Quercus concentrations. This big addition in tree pollen within the catchment demonstrates that the treeline increased in height as a consequence of clime betterment leting a short lived enlargement of forest countries. Walker ( 1986 ) explains that after the LGM, the flora began to react really shortly after or every bit shortly as deglaciation left surfaces available. 5.4. ) Zone 2: ( 360cm-210 ) 18,000 Cal yr BP-13,700 Cal year BP ( approx ) At the beginning of this period the treeline was at its topmost bound, about 18,000BP. However, after 18,000BP terrible diebacks of treeline occur, this is apparent when the concentrations of Pinus and Quercus all of a sudden experience a important lessening. The Er Yuan lake dataset from Yunnan provides grounds to propose that average one-year temperature, at about 18,000-17,000 BP, may hold been 4'C below current temps ( Walker,1986 ) . The cold conditions experienced at Er Yuan may hold besides been experienced at Wuxu-hai which would explicate the terrible dieback of the treeline. From this point onwards the concentrations of Pinus and Quercus fluctuate until about 11,500 BP. Poacea concentrations remain between 0 and 20 ( grains/gram ) but besides fluctuate until about 11,500. A lake nucleus dataset from Xi Hu, Yunnan, highlighted a period between 15,000-10,500 BP which demonstrated a fluctuating clime with periods of intense seasonality ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . The fluctuation s in all pollen concentrations evident in the nucleus may so correlate to this period of intense seasonality experienced at Xi Hu. However, a high declaration spelethem record from two caves in sou'-west Yunnan demonstrate that the Indian Monsoon varied significantly during the period of last deglaciation, resembling other East Asiatic monsoon records, such as those from Hulu and Dongge Caves ( Cai et al. , 2006 ) . Therefore, the fluctuations in all pollen concentrations evident in the nucleus during this period could be related to the fluctuations in Monsoonal strength. Artemisia concentrations experience a important extremum at about 15,600 BP. This extremum may be attributed to the same cold-semi humid conditions which were experienced at Xi Hu between 17,000-15,000 BP ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . The Artimisia concentration so diminish where they excessively continue to fluctuate until about 11,500 BP. These fluctuations highlight a period after the LGM but before 11,500 BP during which short lived but complex vegetal alterations were taking topographic point. Walker ( 1986 ) highlights a similar fluctuation period within the Er Yuan lake dataset, between 14,000-10,500 BP, and states that this was the most vegetationally complex period. However, these fluctuations have no antagonistic portion in the Kunming lake dataset exemplifying the complexness of local clime alterations in Yunnan. Directly after the LGM the magnetic susceptibleness signal increases back to similar values that were present during zone 4. A strong extremum in the magnetic susceptibleness signal is apparent within this zone, about 16,700 BP. This may bespeak a alteration in deposit such as an inflow of tephra into the catchment country or Aeolian dust from desert parts in the North. However, this strong extremum in the magnetic susceptibleness signal is matched with reduced degrees of Pinus and Quercus concentrations which may bespeak that the environment within the catchment became unstable, impacting tree growing. 5.5. ) Zone 1: ( 360cm-0cm ) 13,700 Cal yr BP-Present ( approx ) This zone demonstrates a important extremum in wood coal concentrations at a deepness of 144cm, about 11,000BP. This addition is likely to stand for a big fire event within or around the catchment country. At the same clip there is a lessening in Quercus, Artimisia and Poaceae concentrations which imply that these countries within the catchment were affected by the fire. Around this clip Xi Hu experienced multiple vegetal and climatic events which were attributed to the Pleistocene-Holocene passage ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . However, this appears to hold no resemblance in Wuxu-hai, perchance due to the effects of the fire event. The Quercus, Artimisia and Poaceae concentrations so continue to worsen until 120cm, about 10,300, when Artimisia and Poaceae concentrations within the catchment addition. The pollen diagrams besides indicate that, at about 9,500 BP, the flora within the catchment begins to make a period of comparative stableness. No more rapid fluctuations in flora screen occ ur. The Xi Hu dataset besides illustrates the fact that after 10,500 there is no grounds of climatic alteration ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . Vegetation alteration after this period is largely of the order of accommodations within units. At a deepness of 100cm, about 9600 BP, the pollen diagrams demonstrate a gradual addition in concentrations of all pollen types. Menghai, Er Yuan and Kunming lake datasets attribute this addition, by about 10,000 BP, to the clime nearing modern values ( Walker, 1986 ) . At a deepness of 50cm, about 7,400BP Artemisia and Quercus concentrations demonstrate a steady lessening whereas Pinus and Poaceae concentrations remain stable. These comparatively stable concentrations demonstrate a displacement towards a new balance, closely similar to that of today and highlight the terminal of the environmental volatility which was apparent in the old zones. The Er Yuan and Kunming dataset besides indicate that by 10,500-7500 average one-year temperature and rainfall had reached degrees similar to today ( Walker, 1986 ) . The entire organic C concentration within this period indicates a important addition at a deepness of 50cm, about 7,500 BP, bespeaking a rapid inflow of organic affair into the lake at this clip. 6. ) Decision Having described climatic alterations at Wuxu-hai catchment which history for the proxy accommodations it is apparent that the period between about 22,500 BP – nowadays, is by and large dividable into, a clip before 13,500 BP when the clime form was complex, through a move towards progressively simplicity taking to a new stableness. However, it is indispensable to understand that this is a simplification of the many complex alterations that were taking topographic point throughout this period. Comparisons with other local and regional datasets have highlighted the fact that the paleoenvironmental history at Wuxu-hai has several comparings with the Er Yuan and Xi Hu lake datasets. However, the Kunming dataset comparings are non as clear. As Xiwen and Walker ( 1986 ) explain, there is a great assortment of local climes bring forthing vegetal differences, sometimes even on opposite sides of the same vale.

Negative side of Iraq War

There has been great controversy involved with the Iraq war. This article shall analyze the negative sides of the Iraq war and its detrimental consequences to US, its allies, people of Iraq and the rest of the world.  The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks that destroyed Twin Towers, part of the Pentagon and caused death of over 3000 people was the principal initiating cause of the Iraq war.The attack was seen as attack of a medieval and sectarian ideology of terror on the principles of democracy, justice, liberty, freedom humanity and equality that the Twin Towers and ultimately USA represent. Faced with the challenge of safeguarding these ideals as well as necessity of safeguarding its own national security concerns, USA started waged a war to destroy the axis of terrorism and hatred. In this effort Iraq became the second frontier after liberation of Afghanistan in the campaign to root out axis of terror and evil, restore humanitarian values and justice world over (Teson, 2005) .The course of war over last four yearsUnited States formally declared war on Saddam Hussein’s regime on 20th March, 2003 and within three weeks, on 9th April 2003, the unprecedented strength and force of coalition armies was successful in ending a tyrannical rule that was holding soul and spirit of Iraq in capture over several decades (Aday, Cluverius, Livingston, 2005). However, the end of Saddam Hussein’s regime did not bring end of the war, or the continued presence of allied forces in Iraq. This in itself was the strongest proof that US’s concern in the war ran much beyond merely overthrowing the incumbent tyrannical rule, and that it was fully committed to democracy and peace in Iraq.This commitment to democratic ideals has cost US much more than its first objective of ending former Iraqi government. While it lost only 139 soldiers before the President of United States declared an official end of combat in may 2003, the number of casualties since then has crossed over 3000, and going up even today (Aday, Cluverius, Livingston, 2005, Iraq Coalition Casualties, 2007). Most of these deaths have been due to suicide attacks and rebel attacks by loyalists of the former dictators. Many other have been engineered by al-Queda terror cells in Iraq, that have claimed military along with high number of civilian lives on almost routine basis, creating difficulties in Iraq’s transition to democracy.Consequences of Iraq warWhether seen from economic, ethical, and political point of view or from perspective of human sufferings and causality, Iraq war has spawned a web of troubles and problems that have continued to take their toll on every one involved with the campaign.  The economic costs of Iraq war are huge and involve not just the direct expenditure on US military campaign, but also the cost of war on Iraqi economy, cost of rebuilding Iraqi infrastructure and impact on oil market (Nordhaus, 2002, 55).The initial estimates of cost of Ir aq war were projected anywhere from US $ 100 million to US $ 100 billion, although even that was considered an overestimation (Bilmes and Stiglitz, 2006). Very soon the initial estimates were proved wrong and plans for budgetary allocations showed that even congress was estimating the cost of war to be in excess of $ 500 billion. But even this cost was an under projection of the final cost which, in the final analysis of events, shoots upward a staggering $1.3 trillion (Yglesias, 2006).This includes the cost of insurance, medical help, and disability payment made out to soldiers injured or killed in the Iraq campaign. With government’s valuation of a male in prime age at $ 6 million, as determined by environmental and safety regulations, the total cost from casualties alone goes to $ 12 billion (Bilmes and Stiglitz, 2006).Another critical economic cost suffered emanates from diminished American reputation and prestige in Middle Eastern countries and countries hostile to the c oncept of Iraq war. In these countries American products have lost favor, and American companies no more the first choice to do business with (ibid). As the war has resulted in increase in oil prices, it also threatens to result in increasing prices of various commodities and severely affecting transportation sector, especially the aviation sector where many companies are facing bankruptcy prospects (Bilmes and Stiglitz, 2006).Many analysts have also stated that the money spent in Iraq war might had been better used in strengthening the education and health care system of USA and thus the country has been robbed of benefits worth billion of dollars due to diverted and improvident expenditure on Iraq war (Wilson, 2006)  Another negative consequence of Iraq war is the number of casualties and lives lost during the course of the war. Since the beginning of war US military has suffered 3190 deaths whereas 23758 soldiers have been wounded so far (Griffs, 2007).It is important to see th at these deaths and casualties are not merely figures and statistics. They represent bright, ambitious and young sons, capable to achieve much in their life, and contribute to the US future in a much better way than to be killed or maimed permanently by a roadside bomb, or an ambush (Grigg, 2006). There are thousands of soldiers who, despite escaping death, have been crippled and suffered permanent loss of their limbs, vision, and disfiguration. These losses to life and health cannot be measured in terms of economic costs and they amount to a life time of agony and pain to survivors and their relatives.The war has also resulted in death of around 60,000 civilian deaths in Iraq (Casualties in Iraq war, 2007). Thousands of   Men, women, and children have been killed by suicide attacks, burnt to death in their own home, entire families have been wiped away and thousands of families in Iraq have lost their sole bread earner (Savoy, 2004). Today they are faced with a grim prospect of u ncertain and hard life staring at them.Iraq war has also a deep moral underside. US initiated the war with claims that Iraq possessed large consignments of weapons of mass destruction and with allegations that Iraq had links with al Queda as well was somewhere responsible in September   11. 2001 events (Pfiffner, 2004). However, as it turned out, these reports were completely fictitious and created just in order to give credence to the US case against Iraq (Enemark and Michalesen, 2005).No amount of manipulation of facts and findings could produce any substance to the allegations against Iraq. As a matter of fact, on September 18th, 2003 President Bush surprised many when he admitted that there was no evidence of Iraq’s connection with World Trade Center attacks (Pfiffner, 2004). Even the war in Iraq was no more projected as a war against terror network, but as a war to liberate Iraqi people from tyranny of Saddam Hussein- a claim that was hitherto absent in pre war argumen ts and preparations. These switching of statements greatly damaged US credibility and soured its relations with many important countries such as Germany and France.The road aheadAlthough the USA and coalition countries’ military objective of Iraq war were completed with dethroning, capture and finally execution of Saddam Hussein, their continued presence have not served either the interests of Iraqi population or the interests of coalition military personnel. As the most satisfying argument, it can be stated that Iraq has successfully removed its former tyrannical ruler, and with elections it has achieved at least semblance of a democratic order, its complete transition to democracy is yet incomplete due to intense internal conflicts and complexities. However, the US has suffered a great and completely unnecessary ordeal through this entire episode that may potentially affect its strategic and economic leverage and its worldwide reputation.ReferencesSean A, Cluverius J, and L ivingston S. 2005.   As Goes the Statue, So Goes the War: The Emergence of the Victory Frame in Television Coverage of the Iraq War. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. Volume: 49. Issue: 3. Page Number: 314+Kaufman, Whitley. What's Wrong with Preventive War? the Moral and Legal Basis for the Preventive Use of Force. Ethics ; International Affairs. Volume: 19. Issue: 3.: 2005. Page Number: 23+.Teson, Fernando R ‘Ending Tyranny in Iraq’. ‘Ethics ; International Affairs’ Volume: 19. Issue: 2:Nordhaus, W.D. 2002. War with Iraq-Cost, Consequence and Alternatives. American Academy of Arts and Science.Yglesias, M. 2006.   $1.27 Trillion: The American Prospect. Volume: 17. Issue: 7. Publication Date: July-August 2006. Page Number: 28+.Bilmes, L and Stiglitz, J.E. 2006. The Economic Costs of Iraq War; An appraisal three years after the beginning of the conflict. Accessed on net, 11.03.2007. http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article11495.htmWilson , J. Jan 7, 2006. Iraq war could cost US over $ 2 billion. The Guardian. Accessed on net 11.03.2007 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/07/usa.iraqGriffs, M. 2007. Casualties in Iraq-The Human Cost of Occupation. AntiWar.com Accessed on web 11.03.2007. http://www.antiwar.com/casualties/Grigg, W.N. January 9, 2006.Bring ‘Em Home! The New American. Volume: 22. Issue:. Page Number: 12+Savoy, P. 2004. The Moral Case against the Iraq War The Nation. Volume: 278. Issue: 21.Page Number: 16:Enemark, C and Michalesen, C. 2005. Just War Doctrine and the Invasion of Iraq.The Australian Journal of Politics and History. Volume: 51. Issue: 4Pfiffner, J.P. 2004. Did President Bush Mislead the Country in His Arguments for War with Iraq? Presidential Studies Quarterly. Volume: 34. Issue: 1. Publication Year: 2004. Page Number: 25+

frog populations

Over the past few years there has been a decline in frog populations. Only now are people starting to care about whats going on. You may be surprised, but there really are many reasons to save this special species. But before we can save them we need to understand more about them, and what the cause of their depletion at such an alarming rate is. Some people may ask Who cares about frogs? Well, one of the reasons is that they are an important part of our ecology. They prey on insects and other pests, keeping them from overpopulating and ruining various habitats. They are also an important source of food to other animals such as birds, snakes, and other mammals. If you take them out of the food chain you could cause serious imbalance in the ecosystem and therefore cause the decline in other populations of other organisms. This circle of life is precious and fragile, and must be preserved. It has been said that frogs are a measure of the environments health. Frogs are natural survivors. They lived through the last two extinction episodes including, the end of the dinosaur era. So something is terribly wrong for them to be dying off now. It is similar to the practice of keeping canaries in a mineshaft. If the shaft or world starts getting polluted then the canaries or frogs will start dying off, therefore sen! ding a warning signal. Like a shock wave it will ripple across the world leaving a disturbance throughout its path. Whos to say that we might someday be next (Gibbons 1)? Another reason to care for frogs is for biomedical research. Just like lab rats, they are tested for the use of many chemicals, disease research, and plain anatomy and physiology lessons, not to mention to gain knowledge of their population decline. If they were to suddenly vanish, we would not be completely sure of the cause. Hopefully, we can find out the reasons why theyre dying. Maybe then we ca...

Free Essays on Ecclesiastes

In examining the nature of our society one cannot define its ways as purely white or pitifully black. Our environment metaphorically resembles in our Earth’s daily functions through the two complete opposites of day and night. Nature simply suggests to us that indeed our world and our people know no terminal ends, but only a world fulfilled with live, color and reality. Through this bright shade the quotation from the first chapter of Ecclesiastes holds little truth. On the other hand we do not willfully strive to learn, but to simply satisfy our basic impulses. The â€Å"Id† and â€Å"Ego† of human nature reveal earthlings as simple and lacking much wisdom. From this angle, the quote does resemble a universal truth. But after considering human intellect and how it has influenced our world’s progress the converse of the Bible’s message gathers as much if not more truth. From one outlook, we can conclude that human nature is all too simple; we long to satisfy ourselves in the easiest way we are able to. Naturally we have no desire to acquire knowledge, yet from birth we are thought that education is vital part of our lives. Just by taking a look at an infants innocent, satisfactory and worry-free life, it is evident that knowledge is not a necessarily a key ingredient for happiness. Over time as that toddler increases his knowledge of the world around him, his satisfaction with it drastically decreases. The relationship between knowledge and happiness can be described as inversely proportional. As one gains knowledge, their simplistic satisfaction with life decreases. In exploring our lives in such artlessness, the quote, â€Å"..wisdom is much grief..† proves true. Unfortunately the truth of our existence is not so simple and innocent. As we continue to discover the way our world works, we will continue to gain â€Å"unwanted† k nowledge. In ancient times everything was very primitive. Humans followed not textbooks but natural ... Free Essays on Ecclesiastes Free Essays on Ecclesiastes In examining the nature of our society one cannot define its ways as purely white or pitifully black. Our environment metaphorically resembles in our Earth’s daily functions through the two complete opposites of day and night. Nature simply suggests to us that indeed our world and our people know no terminal ends, but only a world fulfilled with live, color and reality. Through this bright shade the quotation from the first chapter of Ecclesiastes holds little truth. On the other hand we do not willfully strive to learn, but to simply satisfy our basic impulses. The â€Å"Id† and â€Å"Ego† of human nature reveal earthlings as simple and lacking much wisdom. From this angle, the quote does resemble a universal truth. But after considering human intellect and how it has influenced our world’s progress the converse of the Bible’s message gathers as much if not more truth. From one outlook, we can conclude that human nature is all too simple; we long to satisfy ourselves in the easiest way we are able to. Naturally we have no desire to acquire knowledge, yet from birth we are thought that education is vital part of our lives. Just by taking a look at an infants innocent, satisfactory and worry-free life, it is evident that knowledge is not a necessarily a key ingredient for happiness. Over time as that toddler increases his knowledge of the world around him, his satisfaction with it drastically decreases. The relationship between knowledge and happiness can be described as inversely proportional. As one gains knowledge, their simplistic satisfaction with life decreases. In exploring our lives in such artlessness, the quote, â€Å"..wisdom is much grief..† proves true. Unfortunately the truth of our existence is not so simple and innocent. As we continue to discover the way our world works, we will continue to gain â€Å"unwanted† k nowledge. In ancient times everything was very primitive. Humans followed not textbooks but natural ...

Strategic thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic thinking - Assignment Example 13-14). Strategy formulation depends on the management’s ability & organizations resources. These are the predictable issues which can be answered by forming brilliant strategies. But we should also keep a provision for the uncertainties of the environment. These uncertainties can destroy any good enterprise if the provision to face them is not properly & timely created. Thus strategic thinking and general management offers a framework to the organization towards planning its course of action and it involves a great amount of risk. For making the appropriate plan and to eliminate the possible uncertainties from the organization’s operations a manager often takes up the role of a leader who guides, instructs and motivates his followers and work together towards achieving the firm’s objectives. Introduction and Overview The present topic deals with a great leader who managed to influenced many and is known as a successful leader throughout the world. Counted among the great names like Gautama Buddha, Prophet Mohammad, and Jesus Christ, Mahatma Gandhi is considered to be a legend, one of the greatest spiritual and political leaders of all times. Hailed as the ‘father of the nation’, he was the pioneer of the non violent movement also called the ‘Satyagraha’ against the British tyranny in India in order to bring about a social change. The policy of non violence was not just a political strategy, but it was based in spirituality because of which Mahatma Gandhi became a name to be reckoned with not only in his own country but throughout the world (Hatt, 2002). His legacy includes a brilliantly organized struggle against racism in South Africa, active contribution in the freedom struggle of his own country and using his policy of non violence in order to bring about a positive change in the society. The word â€Å"Mahatma† means great soul and great leaders of the world like Nelson Mandela and Marin Luther King Jr have called Mahatma Gandhi an inspiration, a motivation in their struggle for fighting for the rights and equality for the people. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr had said about him â€Å"Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics†. Background and Personal life Mohandas Karam chand Gandhi was born to a Hindu family in a small town called Porbandar in the state of Gujarat on October 2nd 1896.He was the youngest son of Karamchand Gandhi and Putli bai. His father was the advisor to the local ruler of the three native states of Kathiawar. He was always known for his loyalty and steadfastness. From his early childhood he was deeply influenced by his mother who was the embodiment of a traditional Indian woman. She was a devoted wife and mother along with being austere and pious. Her qualities had made a deep impression in the young Gandhi. He was also influenced by the life Kind Harish chandra, his sufferings, his loyalty, his devotion towards truth. As a boy he had aspired to become like the great King. In his later stage of life he was also impressed by visionaries like Ruskin and Tolstoy. Gandhi had completed his schooling from Albert high school located in the nearby town of Rajkot. His school he was average and showed no brilliance. He was not into games and also a loner. He however showed deep respect for his teachers. From his early childhood Gandhi was bent on the spiritual side of existence. Little incidents like

Marketing case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Marketing case analysis - Essay Example Brand contribution is the margin that the company gains from the sale of its products. That means that the costs have to be relatively lower so that the company can achieve its desired margin. Brand equity refers to the positioning of the company products. Positioning is a critical part of marketing because it directly affects the sales volume of a company. The first issue that the director of marketing should deal with should be brand equity. Brand equity will include the positioning of the company’s products. That involves the advertising part of marketing. The company should carry out a marketing campaign that is aimed at targeting the customers of the company. The company should come up with the target market in which it should direct its marketing towards. That will ensure that the company does not waste its funds on unnecessary marketing. The company can also carry out a research that will enable it to know the distribution of its customers. For example, the company can come up with a questionnaire that will ask the customers where they reside and the convenient place that they would prefer to purchase the product from. That will enable the company to locate its products in retail stores in which most of its customers population reside in. that will increase the sales volume of the company and that will make the product mo re profitable (Ali 8). After the brand positioning has been established, the next part will be brand sales. Brand sales will involve the company increasing the sales volume. That will be made possible if the product positioning is done perfectly. That implies that the product should be within the reach of the target customers. The company can therefore carry out a marketing campaign that will be around the area where the customers are heavily populated. That will ensure that there are first purchases and repeat purchases. The first purchase can be done by the company carrying out a promotion

The Effects of Equality Act 2010 on NHS Employment Dissertation

The Effects of Equality Act 2010 on NHS Employment - Dissertation Example Equality act 2010 all the public service organisations operating in the UK directly or indirectly. The company's have to reframe their customer service standards, change the method of complaint handling and pay more attention to employee related issues. Every company has to support a report ensuring there is no gender-based, race-based or disability-based discrimination in their office proving the same through statistical data (Briefing 74, 2010).NHS or National Health Service is a very famous trust providing health services for certain people in the UK. The trust handles nearly 9 million telephone calls a year and over 1.5 million website oriented requests. Over 3000 staff works with NHS answering the telephone calls, booking appointments and attending emergency cases (NHS Direct, 2011). People from different type of classes, races and financial background call NHS daily. NHS is the best organisation to monitor how the equality act 2010 affects the employment strategies of an organi sation directly and indirectly. Before dwelling deep into the research methodology let us analyse the history of the Equality act 2010 in detail.The Equality act 2010 was framed after precise evaluation of various political and social circumstances. The team of experts analysed the historical basis on which the previous laws were formed and eliminated over 100 small classes and subsections to grow them all under one single act. Several notable pieces of antidiscrimination laws like Equal Pay Act 1970 The Sex Discrimination.

Measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Measurement - Essay Example neers observe measurements, why measurements are much needed in the world, the role of measurements in quality control, and different type of measurements techniques used in engineering will be discussed. The term â€Å"measurement† is derived from the Greek word metron which means limited proportion. The first measurement systems were astronomical objects. Babylonians and Egyptians are believed to have invented use of measurement. However, they mainly used comparisons to measure things. For example, they would compare capacity of containers by filling the smaller container and emptying it into the bigger one to measure the volumes (Manseau & Shields, 2005). However, Gabriel Mouton, who was an astronomer, invented the metric system. He also suggested the swing length of pendulum, which is used as a unit of measuring length. In engineering and construction, there are different metric systems depending on what is being measured. For example, construction materials that are in liquid form are measured using measures such as gallons and liters. In case of length, units such as inches, meters, and feet are used depending on the size being measured. While measuring mass, unit such as pounds, kilograms, and grams are applied (Manseau & Shields, 2005). Although scientists make use of standardized metric units, there are two different types of metric systems. The type of metric system being used depends on the application. When measuring small units of length or mass, engineers make use of the CGS (centimeter-gram-second) system. However, MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system is used while measuring large quantities (Manseau & Shields, 2005). With globalization, metric system is becoming widely acceptable worldwide though some countries such as United States are resistant to switch to the metric system. US makes use of a mixture of different systems of measurement. In 1960, the General Conference of Weights and Measures revised and simplified the measurement system. Seven

An Immaginative and Reflective Response to Toni Cade Bambara's 'The Personal Statement

An Immaginative and Reflective Response to Toni Cade Bambara's 'The Lesson' - Personal Statement Example Mm-hmm. And you better not nurse your wounds or cry. Or she'd give you somethin to cry about. Momma didn't play. She was serious. Yes child . . . those were the days. Sylvia got it easy, she just don't know. One day she walked her lil ass off in this house with Sugar draggin behind her, and I knew somethin was wrong. She had been with that Miss Moore. Miss Moore needs to get some place and sit down, cause she ain't no better that the rest of us . . . just cause she went to college. Ump! Anyway, that child comes off in here with nuthin to say, and she always has somethin to say. She flopped down on the couch and monkey-see-monkey-do-Sugar, flopped down beside her. I didn't say nuthin either, cause I didn't know what game they were playing. Besides I had my own game to play in about an hour. I work hard all week. Weekends I want to knick my shoes off, listen to some blues, or some of that jazz they be playing up here. Me and some other mothers, from down home, get together now and then to play dominoes. We Anyway, they were talkin about some rich folks' toy store. Talkin about how much rich folks pay for their toys. They were all worked up. I first got mad. I told them that they got toys. Appreciate what you got. But they said stuff about how they didn't even know what they didn't have. And this is supposed to be the land of opportunity or some shit about the pursuit of happiness. So we shouldn't just settle for stuff like my "DOMINOES." Well when I told her I like me some dominoes, my girl said under her breath, "Yeah that's 'cause that's all you know!" "Yeah." Sylvia agreed. "Miss Moore's so-called educational trips" I glared at them with my eyebrows raised. "Miss Moore wants to teach us shit we don't know." Sugar answered as humbly as she could. I told 'em I knew I shouldn't let 'em go no where with that crazy bitch. And what I say that for "I beg your pardon!" Sylvia mimicked Miss Moore. "Miss Moore taught us what real money is. And that right now we don't have none. But that's gonna change." "Yeah baby . . . that's gonna change." I agreed with her 'cause she reminded me of why we came here in the first place. And how I can't forget that. Can't let my baby forget that neither. Yep, they say it takes a village to raise a child. Your Name 3 Part 2-Short Analysis of Continuing Education I chose to write an imaginative text from the point of view of Sylvia's mother as a response to "The Lesson". I entitled it "Continuing Education". In the response l kept the context of Bambara's "The Lesson" for the setting, the characterizations, and the voice. Although with the change in point of view, came a change in narrator. Sylvia's mother was a reliable narrator. I chose a summarized dialog to present the story more as a reflection of what might have happened in an imaginative continuation of "The Lesson". I attempted to show how the story affected the main characters and their lives. My attempts addressed some areas that were not clear, such as what went on with the mothers in the apartment that they spent time in. I wanted to provided incite to why the children were not allowed. As

Project assignment (Business Analysis and Process Consulting) Essay

Project assignment (Business Analysis and Process Consulting) - Essay Example Products and practices that can be incorporated for the expansion of service offerings as well as reduction of impact on the environment by Foresbys include that of introducing home cleaning services, waste management services, recycling services and security service for homes as well as offices (Checkland & Poulter, 2006). Waste management and recycling businesses share synergy with cleaning services because waste, that is produced and eliminated in a process of cleaning, needs to be disposed properly. Also, such waste management is required by each one of the client, who employ cleaning services invariably. Hence, there appears to be some definite synergy between the business and the proposed issue of change. Once the contract for cleaning was secured, the company sent their cleaning agents to the said location for performing their tasks within specified time frame. The cleaning agents were qualified officials who had the requisite training in safe and efficient cleaning of office premises and were also trained for specialized cleaning. To improve upon the existing distribution and operations structure, Foresbys can form specialized teams who were capable of handling specific jobs, rather than multiple cleaning activities at once. This would not only instil efficiency at specific work, but also increase the speed of cleaning tasks undertaken by the company (Checkland, 2000). The customers shall pay for proper disposal of their waste material and company can also charge them with a premium price for using environment friendly and safe products while performing cleaning activities. Customers are becoming increasingly concerned about the environment and shall be willing to pay additional prices for the environmental cause. Furthermore, it would provide the company with a sustainability edge over other cleaning businesses in the country. Socially responsible company behaviour

Measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Measurement - Essay Example neers observe measurements, why measurements are much needed in the world, the role of measurements in quality control, and different type of measurements techniques used in engineering will be discussed. The term â€Å"measurement† is derived from the Greek word metron which means limited proportion. The first measurement systems were astronomical objects. Babylonians and Egyptians are believed to have invented use of measurement. However, they mainly used comparisons to measure things. For example, they would compare capacity of containers by filling the smaller container and emptying it into the bigger one to measure the volumes (Manseau & Shields, 2005). However, Gabriel Mouton, who was an astronomer, invented the metric system. He also suggested the swing length of pendulum, which is used as a unit of measuring length. In engineering and construction, there are different metric systems depending on what is being measured. For example, construction materials that are in liquid form are measured using measures such as gallons and liters. In case of length, units such as inches, meters, and feet are used depending on the size being measured. While measuring mass, unit such as pounds, kilograms, and grams are applied (Manseau & Shields, 2005). Although scientists make use of standardized metric units, there are two different types of metric systems. The type of metric system being used depends on the application. When measuring small units of length or mass, engineers make use of the CGS (centimeter-gram-second) system. However, MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system is used while measuring large quantities (Manseau & Shields, 2005). With globalization, metric system is becoming widely acceptable worldwide though some countries such as United States are resistant to switch to the metric system. US makes use of a mixture of different systems of measurement. In 1960, the General Conference of Weights and Measures revised and simplified the measurement system. Seven

Project assignment (Business Analysis and Process Consulting) Essay

Project assignment (Business Analysis and Process Consulting) - Essay Example Products and practices that can be incorporated for the expansion of service offerings as well as reduction of impact on the environment by Foresbys include that of introducing home cleaning services, waste management services, recycling services and security service for homes as well as offices (Checkland & Poulter, 2006). Waste management and recycling businesses share synergy with cleaning services because waste, that is produced and eliminated in a process of cleaning, needs to be disposed properly. Also, such waste management is required by each one of the client, who employ cleaning services invariably. Hence, there appears to be some definite synergy between the business and the proposed issue of change. Once the contract for cleaning was secured, the company sent their cleaning agents to the said location for performing their tasks within specified time frame. The cleaning agents were qualified officials who had the requisite training in safe and efficient cleaning of office premises and were also trained for specialized cleaning. To improve upon the existing distribution and operations structure, Foresbys can form specialized teams who were capable of handling specific jobs, rather than multiple cleaning activities at once. This would not only instil efficiency at specific work, but also increase the speed of cleaning tasks undertaken by the company (Checkland, 2000). The customers shall pay for proper disposal of their waste material and company can also charge them with a premium price for using environment friendly and safe products while performing cleaning activities. Customers are becoming increasingly concerned about the environment and shall be willing to pay additional prices for the environmental cause. Furthermore, it would provide the company with a sustainability edge over other cleaning businesses in the country. Socially responsible company behaviour

John Sutter and the Western United States Essay Example for Free

John Sutter and the Western United States Essay During the mid-1800s, people were eager to explore most of the United States in search for a better place to live in. Those who came from Europe settled in most parts of the Eastern United States. But there are those who ventured further, going deeper into the West. One of them is John Sutter, born in Germany and of Swiss descent. He became a captain of the Swiss Army, and was driven away from his family because of debts, going to the United States to look for a greener pasture. According to Albert Hurtado in his book, John Sutter: a Life on the North American Frontier, John Sutter deserves to have a title of an entrepreneur. All his achievements were the product of his hard work and entrepreneurship (Hurtado). He roamed the United States by using these characteristics to earn enough money to fund his ventures. The Eastern part of the United States at that time were already populated, where trade and commerce is flourishing all over the place. He joined a trading venture to New Mexico, where he was successful enough, returning with wine, several mules and money. When he celebrated the Independence Day of 1839 in Monterey California, he met Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado. This meeting paved the way for a settlement grant of more than 48,000 acres of land for Sutter, the start of the monumental â€Å"New Helvetia Settlement† which pioneered American life in the Western United States. One of the few requirements for John Sutter to be awarded the land grant was to become a citizen of Mexico. This would give him thousands of acres of land where he can establish a pioneering settlement. In less than a year after becoming a Mexican citizen, he was awarded the vast lands in the central valley of California. In order to properly run this vast acreage of agricultural lands, he employed various Native Americans, as well as welcomed immigrants from different places. John Sutter’s Fort became a famous stop-over for those wishing to venture into new lands. With this account from Albert Hurtado’s book, we can see that the Western part of the United States at John Sutter’s time promises new beginnings to those who wish for a different life. The East was somehow been congested with various people migrating from other nearby countries. Because of this, some wanted, and even dared to explore other parts of the â€Å"foreign land† they have settled in. But not all parts of the west are conducive for living. In the account of John Bidwell, he describes most of the west especially California as â€Å"the country was brown and parched; throughout the State wheat, beans, everything had failed†¦cattle were almost starving for grass, and the people, except perhaps a few of the best families, were without bread, and were eating chiefly meat, and that often of a very poor quality† (Bidwell). This means that the west may promise a good life, but there are also risks in living there. It is still an uncharted territory for the migrants, and that they were all going to start from scratch. They have no clear idea on how to handle things at first, especially because they did not originate in the area. However, it is also filled with resources just waiting to be exploited. According to Bidwell, the place also has some good points, â€Å"there were no other settlements in the valley; it was, apparently, still just as new as when Columbus discovered America, and roaming over it were countless thousands of wild horses, of elk, and of antelope† (Bidwell). The Western part of the United States was truly a place of uncertainty, wherein you’ll have to risk everything if you choose to settle in the area. John Sutter was able to survive and was successful in establishing a settlement in the area. In a sense, we could say that Sutter was successful in taming the Wild West. Sutter’s Fort housed a number of people ranging from natives to settlers, even those who were lost in their way, and these people contributed well enough in cultivating the vast lands of the settlement. In a few years time, John Sutter became a major supplier of horses, cattle, and wheat (Doti). The Western United States became a melting pot of different cultures. These cultures blended well with each other despite of their differences. This is essential for the success of the settlement, where everyone has to do their part in order for their efforts to flourish. John Sutter bridged the gap between the settlers, the natives and even the bordering Mexicans. Sutter’s works not only gave rise to a new settlement, but also to a new world found in the West. This is a very important contribution in the history of the nation, as it expanded the country’s influence across the borders. The culture in the Eastern United States at that time was generally influenced by the countries which they came from. Most these are European countries that are why they have developed mixtures of various European cultures. On the other hand, the Western United States is not only a mixture of European cultures, but also accompanied by various customs of the Native Americans and the bordering Mexican culture. This diversity has proven great importance in the formation of the Western United States, because western settlements were the products of various cultures cooperating with each other in so that they would achieve peace and order in their respective communities. Works Cited: Bidwell, John. Life in California before the Gold Discovery. 1890. The Century Magazine. November 19 2007. http://www. sfmuseum. org/hist2/bidwell1. html. Doti, Lynne Pierson. John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier Book Reviews. 2006. Chapman University. November 19 2007. http://eh. net/bookreviews/library/1116. Hurtado, Albert L. John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier. 1st edition ed: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Physiology Treatment

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Physiology Treatment Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Physiological traits Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) more commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a progressive and deadly disease. Many with ALS experience grief and many families of those affected endure the same. At present medical science has demonstrated great potential in finding a workable cure or efficacious therapy. However, at present no such cure or efficacious therapy exists. A number of treatments can prolong the fatal course of ALS but none can stop it and ALS continues to significantly shorten the sufferer’s lifespan. 3.9 in every 100,000 individuals will develop ALS in America, so while the prevalence is relatively low, ALS has generated a great deal of attention due in part to its severity, to numerous movements to raise funding for the disorder and for its generalized physiological symptoms and theoretical relation to other dementing illnesses such as Alzheimer’s. Definitive answers as to the causes of ALS are currently not known. Numerous theories have emerged and research has pinpointed causes which partially explain occurrence or have been found in rat studies but have yet to reach human testing. Promising treatments for the disease have been found however none have made it beyond the research stage. Exposure to different toxins has been suggested as a potential cause, ranging from occupational exposure and physical activity to military exposure and trauma. Males have a higher prevalence rate than females. Particularly, white males ages 60+ are at highest risk for the development of ALS. ALS is characterized by muscle spasticity, which rapidly progresses to muscle wasting and difficulty breathing, speaking, and swallowing. Most individuals with ALS live for 3 to 4 years. About 5% live longer than 10 years and a very select few live still longer. The disease’s symptoms are due to a result of the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Present research effort include stage II testing in Israel and soon, the United States at the Mayo Clinic. Physiological Pathology A2A Adenosine receptors A2A Adenosine receptors have been thought to be a potential therapeutic objective but until a recent study (14) the neuromodulatory role of the aforementioned receptors has remained in question. A selective A2A agonist was applied known only as CGS 21680 at present. (Poff et al., 2014) The A2A agonist significantly enhanced average amplitude of endplate potentials (EPP’s) and enhanced frequency of miniature endplate potentials (MEPP’s) and giant end plate potentials (GMEPP’s). The A2A adenosine receptor is now under scrutiny for its potential therapeutic role for presenting symptoms of ALS (Poff et al., 2014). Cortical atrophy Cortical atrophy in patients suffering from ALS was linked to neuropsychiatric and cognitive changes. Acidotoxicity has been implicated as a potential cause or contributor to this phenomenon (Behan et al., 2013). With regard to patients with ALS-plus; cortical atrophy presented significantly across motor and somatosensory areas. Additional cortical atrophy was found in frontal and parietal areas of the brain. In patients with ALS no significant cortical atrophy was shown, only brainstem atrophy. In patients with ALS-FTD; atrophy also affected greater frontal area atrophy and temporal area atrophy in comparison with ALS-plus. Atrophy of the cortexes is implicated as a contributor to the presenting deficits of ALS (Mioshi, 2013). Genetic links The vast majority of ALS cases are sporadic and unrelated to genetics. However; 5-10% of ALS cases are thought to be hereditary. Mutations in TAR DNA-binding protein, fused in sarcoma (FUS), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) comprise the causes for about 30% of classic inherited ALS. A gene known as UBQLN2 which is responsible for the encoding of the protein â€Å"ubiquilin?2† can cause dominantly inherited, ALS and ALS/dementia. So although the majority of ALS cases occur from causes unknown, a select few cases can be explained by genetic mutation. Suggested from this data is the potential for retracing the steps of the gene and specifying the mechanism of action most exploitable in treatment for the disease. While genetically link ALS is rare the basic mechanism of action is widespread, thus insights into causes for the physiological outcome are valuable in treatment of ALS as a whole (Deng, 2011). White matter aberrations White matter has been examined for its aberrations in shape in patients with ALS. What has been found is a link between symptoms indicative of the disease however, not the physiological changes typical in the disease itself (Rajagopalan et al., 2013). Scientists suspect that the unidentified physiological link between white matter changes and physiological changes caused by ALS may play a large role in the disorder. White matter changes specifically have been correlated with the ALS-FTD-Q, a screening tool for behavioral disturbances in ALS. So while the behaviors correlate, the physiological changes beyond white matter shape change have not yet been linked specifically, leaving room for additional research in this area (Rajagopalan et al., 2013). Cervical roots and peripheral nerves A sonogram study found that in patients with ALS, cervical roots and peripheral nerves exhibit reductions in size in comparison to their former size and those in patients without ALS. The study found that the aforementioned both reduced in size and became physically thinner although more significantly the latter (Nodera et al., 2014). Although this phenomenon was measurable in patients with and without ALS it was not related to gender, progression of the disease, and severity of disease symptoms. Despite these setbacks it is suggested that peripheral root atrophy may present a viable marker for detection of the presence of the disease and thus increase progress made on treatment due to decreased false positive diagnoses (Nodera et al., 2014). Treatment Metabolic therapy (Deanna Protocol) Aside from motor neuron degeneration ALS is associated with metabolic dysfunction. A mouse study found that mice given the Deanna Protocol (DP); a metabolic therapy reported to result in some symptom alleviation in patients with ALS. The study found that mice given the treatment had significant extensions in survival time in ALS mice 7.5% (p Human stem cells Human stem cells have long been considered for their curative abilities toward various diseases. ALS is one such disease. The degeneration of motor neurons can theoretically be counteracted using motor neurons created from stem cells. (Lee et al., 2014; Morgan Srivastava, 2014). Stem cells present what seems to be a highly promising treatment for ALS. In one study, patients were injected with stem cells and followed up upon 12 months later and not acceleration of the disease was detected (Kim, Lee, Kim, 2013). A large proportion of future research will center upon investigation of this. Guanabenz Guanabenz is now under scrutiny for its therapeutic benefits to those suffering from ALS. Guanabenz was found to have an impact on post-apoptic protein synthesis such that scientists conducting the experiment hypothesized that its introduction would have therapeutic effects on ALS patients. In a mouse model female mice were given Guanabenz and were found to have delayed symptom onset, prolonged life span and increased motor ability (Jiang et. Al 2014). Thalidomide Inflammation from the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha TNFÃŽ ± is believed to be a critical factor in the development and pathology of ALS. TNFÃŽ ± is reduced by thalidomide. Thus the rationale for research surrounding the efficacy of the use of thalidomide in ALS patients. The study found no results suggesting that this theorized mechanism may need revision (Stommel et al, 2009). Discussion ALS as aforementioned is a neurodegenerative disease which causes the motor neurons to atrophy and die. Victims of ALS typically suffer from motor impairments which eventually exacerbate to impairments in breathing, swallowing and speaking. Sufferers experience many psychological symptoms as secondary effects from the physiological damage which occurs. Physiologically, impairments typically relate to motor movement. In some cases movement changes but in most cases it becomes more difficult. Numerous treatments are emerging in the research phase due in part to massive donations to the research of a cure or treatment for this disorder. While ALS is unique to other neurodegenerative disorders scientists suspect that some aspects of the treatments used and developed will translate due to the similarities ALS shares. Evidence has suggested that certain cases of ALS are inherited while others are developed due to toxins which has helped scientists narrow down the possible mechanisms of action which facilitate this disease. While some are known, the cause of most cases is yet to be determined the outcomes have been more apparent. ALS outcomes include changes in shape of the white matter in the brain, cortical atrophy and thinning of cortical and peripheral nerves. The treatment has made relative progress. Perhaps most promising is the use of stem cells as replacements for motor neurons. Stem cell research has had difficulty using stem cells in large quantities as a corrective measure however motor neuron use requires the use of less cells than most treatments making it especially promising. Other theoretical treatments such as metabolic therapy and Guanabenz have shown some potential in improving the lives of ALS sufferers and perhaps prolonging them somewhat. Guanabenz, an intervention targeted sp ecifically at cell apoptosis has demonstrated an effect on symptoms, speed of progression, and lifespan. Metabolic therapy has demonstrated an effect on symptoms and lifespan. Together therapeutic treatments have a supplementary benefit until a more lasting solution is found. Future research Future research implications include additional research on stem cells. Stems cells are highly promising and may be an effective treatment and perhaps eventually have curative effects. Studies at present have found a link between symptom stabilization and treatment in human studies. As with all medical research clinical trials must be completed before anything is open to the public. Additional concerns for this treatment include the political implications of this treatment as some political groups disagree with stem cell research as a whole. Future research should also continue to focus upon the clinical implications of therapeutic treatments such as Guanabenz and Deanna Protocol metabolic therapy. Conclusion At present ALS presents future challenges to scientists, doctors, and the people who suffer from it. While promising research and clinical trial have received unprecedented support; the reality is that ALS continues to shorten and end lives. Researchers are far from finding the multiple causes of ALS however, researchers are rapidly gaining ground on how to treat the effects of the disorder. Aside from stem cells, therapeutic treatments have emerged such as Gaunabenz and metabolic therapies such as the Deanna protocol. References Ari, C., Poff, A. M., Held, H. E., Landon, C. S., Goldhagen, C. R., Mavromates, N., D’Agostino, D. P. (2014). Metabolic Therapy with Deanna Protocol Supplementation Delays Disease Progression and Extends Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Mouse Model. Plos ONE, 9(7), 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.010352 Behan, à ., Breen, B., Hogg, M., Woods, I., Coughlan, K., Mitchem, M., Prehn, J. (2013). Acidotoxicity and acid-sensing ion channels contribute to motor neuron degeneration. Cell Death Differentiation, 20(4), 589-598. doi:10.1038/cdd.2012.158 Deng, H., Chen, W., Hong, S., Boycott, K. M., Gorrie, G. H., Siddique, N., Haines, J. L. (2011). Mutations in UBQLN2 cause dominant X-linked juvenile and adult-onset ALS and ALS/dementia. Nature, 477(7363), 211-215. doi:10.1038/nature10353 Lee, H. J., Kim, K. S., Ahn, J., Bae, H. M., Lim, I., Kim, S. U. (2014). Human motor neurons generated from neural stem cells delay clinical onset and prolong life in ALS mouse model. Plos ONE, 9(5), 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097518 Jiang, H. Q., Ren, M. M., Jiang, H. Z., Wang, J. J., Zhang, J. J., Yin, X. X., Feng, H. L. (2014). Guanabenz delays the onset of disease symptoms, extends lifespan, improves motor performance and attenuates motor neuron loss in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscience, 277132-138. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.047 Kim, S. U., Lee, H. J., Kim, Y. B. (2013). Neural stem cell-based treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropathology, 33(5), 491-504. doi:10.1111/neup.12020 Mehta, P., Antao, V., Kaye, W., Sanchez, M., Williamson, D., Bryan, L., Horton, K. (2014). Prevalence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis — United States, 2010-2011. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 63(7), 1-13. Retrieved from: http://ezproxy.pcom.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=hehAN=97269966site=eds-livescope=site Mioshi, E., Lillo, P., Yew, B., Hsieh, S., Savage, S., Hodges, J., Hornberger, M. (2013). Cortical atrophy in ALS is critically associated with neuropsychiatric and cognitive changes. Neurology, 80(12), 1117-1123. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828869da Morgan, R. H., Srivastava, A. K. (2014). Clinical relevance of stem cell therapies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology India, 62(3), 239-248. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.136895 Nodera, H., Takamatsu, N., Shimatani, Y., Mori, A., Sato, K., Oda, M., Kaji, R. (2014). Thinning of cervical nerve roots and peripheral nerves in ALS as measured by sonography. Clinical Neurophysiology, 125(9), 1906-1911. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.033 Nascimento, F., Pousinha, P. A., Correia, A. M., Gomes, R., Sebastià £o, A. M., Ribeiro, J. A. (2014). Adenosine A2A Receptors Activation Facilitates Neuromuscular Transmission in the Pre-Symptomatic Phase of the SOD1(G93A) ALS Mice, but Not in the Symptomatic Phase. Plos ONE, 9(8), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104081 Raaphorst, J., Beeldman, E., Schmand, B., Berkhout, J., Linssen, W., van den Berg, L., de Haan, R. (2012). The ALS-FTD-Q: A new screening tool for behavioral disturbances in ALS. Neurology, 79(13), 1377-1383. Retrieved from: http://ezproxy.pcom.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=jlhAN=2011697440site=eds-livescope=site Rajagopalan, V., Liu, Z., Allexandre, D., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Pioro, E. P., Yue, G. H. (2013). Brain White Matter Shape Changes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): A Fractal Dimension Study. Plos ONE, 8(9), 1-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073614 Stommel, E. W., Cohen, J. A., Fadul, C. E., Cogbill, C. H., Graber, D. J., Kingman, L., Harris, B. T. (2009). Efficacy of thalidomide for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A phase II open label clinical trial. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 10(5/6), 393-404. doi:10.3109/17482960802709416

Ibm History :: essays research papers

1890-1938: The early years IBM was incorporated in the state of New York on June 15, 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. But its origins can be traced back to 1890, during the height of the Industrial Revolution, when the United States was experiencing waves of immigration. The U.S. Census Bureau knew its traditional methods of counting would not be adequate for measuring the population, so it sponsored a contest to find a more efficient means of tabulating census data. The winner was Herman Hollerith, a German immigrant and Census Bureau statistician, whose Punch Card Tabulating Machine used an electric current to sense holes in punch cards and keep a running total of data. Capitalizing on his success, Hollerith formed the Tabulating Machine Co. in 1896. In 1911, Charles R. Flint, a noted trust organizer, engineered the merger of Hollerith's company with two others, Computing Scale Co. of America and International Time Recording Co. The combined Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co., or C-T-R, manufactured and sold machinery ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders to meat and cheese slicers and, of course, tabulators and punch cards. Based in New York City, the company had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, N.Y.; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Mich.; Washington, D.C., and Toronto, Canada. When the diversified businesses of C-T-R proved difficult to manage, Flint turned for help to the former No. 2 executive at the National Cash Register Co., Thomas J. Watson. In 1914, Watson, age 40, joined the company as general manager. The son of Scottish immigrants, Watson had been a top salesman at NCR, but left after clashing with its autocratic leader, John Henry Patterson. However, Watson did adopt some of Patterson's more effective business tactics: generous sales incentives, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker. Watson boosted company spirit with employee sports teams, family outings and a company band. He preached a positive outlook, and his favorite slogan, "THINK," became a mantra for C-T-R's employees. Watson also stressed the importance of the customer, a lasting IBM tenet. He understood that the success of the client translated into the success of his company, a belief that, years later, manifested itself in the popular adage, "Nobody was ever fired for buying from IBM." Within 11 months of joining C-T-R, Watson became its president. The company focused on providing large-scale, custom-built tabulating solutions for businesses, leaving the market for small office products to others.

racism Essay -- essays research papers

One sentence that summarizes economics is, â€Å"there’s no such thing as a free lunch.† Sure, anyone can have a lunch and not pay for it, but it still is not free. Everything costs something to someone. Even if you don’t pay for your lunch, someone will, whether it be your lunch partner, the restaurant manager, the owner, or the people who supply the raw materials to make that food. Everything acquired by a person or a community is accompanied by a price, monetary or not. Jaime Fox said, â€Å"Ain’t nothing in this world for free, and it blows my mind how many fools just don’t get that.† I agree with this statement. Many forms of literature, such as Martin Luther King’s speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† and â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† by Fredrick Douglas, have documented the high price paid for freedom and basic human rights; they show that even freedom, where the root word is â€Å"free†, has an expensive tag.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Usually, when we think of something as being free, we associate it with money. I believe Jaime Fox’s statement can be applied to so much more than â€Å"bought† materials. For many years, African Americans and other minorities have been fighting for freedom, a right that has been won with hard work, spilled blood, broken bones, and tears. This is the ultimate price tag. In Dr. King’s speech he claimed that by signing the Constitution and the Declaration of independence, the â€Å"architects of our republic wrote a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men—yes, Black men as well as white men—would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned† (447). He urges his audience, of both white and black citizens, to fight fo r these rights promised to all Americans. â€Å"We have come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice† (448). He insists that they fight with their minds and not their force. Dr. King and all those who listened to him, who fought with him, who put their lives in danger with him, they, put the down payment on endless lease we have taken out on freedom. Although Dr. King’s discussion of freedom has affected everyone in America personally, his address of freedom was on a larg... ...w York (147). Nothing he gained was free, he has to fail, be beaten, learn to write, and then devise a life-threatening plan to be able to have the most basic of freedoms. During his time, it wasn’t a right, it was a privilege he was legally denied. New generations seem to have forgotten that high costs were stapled to the back of liberty. We think that basic human rights is something that everyone should have immediately. Some believe that these rights should be imposed as early as conception. People sometimes forget that although we are now only paying â€Å"maintenance fees,† our ancestors had to buy it with the currency they had. In order for all of us to enjoy the same civil rights, people before us had to suffer without them. Like Fox said, â€Å"many fools just don’t get that.† Today, many Americans still believe we are fighting for freedom in our country. We still fight for freedom of expression, freedom from segregation, and freedom to be who we are. Jaime Fox did say that nothing in this world is free. He was right. No one can feed a person for free because it will impose a cost on someone else. The funny thing is, that even the things that don’t cost anything to give to someone

Facility Planning Essay

This paper will discuss Virtua’s new ambulatory care clinic in Voorhees, N.J. It will features a surgical center for same-day surgery, cancer center, women’s imaging center, sleep center, diagnostic services and physician’s offices. This new state of the art master will have its unveiling in the spring of May 2012. This new ambulatory center is being built adjacent to a 463-million, eight story replacement hospital. Virtua Voorhees is opening a comprehensive outpatient ambulatory facility and it is massive in size at 300,000 square-foot building will provide care for its patient’s in N.J. and the surrounding Tri-State area(Virtua Voorhees,2011). . In addition to this space there will be a health and wellness center and a cafà © shop along with a retail shop. The goal of the hospital is patient focused and convenience for the patient and their families. The other perks are the sophisticated technology all in one location. The population that this hospital will serve will be infants, children, adults and seniors. Families will be able to make one appointment per visit for the entire family which will save time and money. Instead of having to call out of work, or make multiple trips throughout the year, families will have the convenience of setting up one well-being visit per year. The community outreach program that Virtua has set up is a non-profit program that will enable the community to stay healthy. Virtua will offer free classes to educate the community about their health and disease prevention such as: diabetes, hypertension, stroke prevention and ways to combat obesity. Virtua also has an event calendar that not only trains local paramedics, nurses and physicians, but the community as well in pediatric and adult CPR. As a good neighbor Virtua will take a leadership role in helping other health care providers in the area with their expertise that will benefit the residents in the area. The President/CEO wants the people that he/she hires to share their inspiring stories of volunteer service. Virtua healthcare system has four branches of the hospital located throughout New Jersey. New Jersey is a very large state  and often could not meet the needs of the community for ambulatory services and others. Hence, many of the patients would travel to Philadelphia for comprehension or ambulatory care. This new renovation will allow patients to remain in the comfort of their area. Southern New Jersey population has grown to over 40 percent over this decade alone. Immigrants have been finding jobs and establishing residency for years. Since 2000 Southern New Jersey foreign –born population is increasing according to the U.S. Census and America Survey data. The Press of Atlantic City analyzed census data on foreign-born residents for 69 municipalities in Atlantic, Cape May, Cumberland and southern Ocean counties. In 2000, there were 45,479 foreign-born people in the region. That number has since grown to 63,558, an increase of 18,059. As a percent of the population, the foreign-born has increased regionally from 7 percent to 9 percent, Press analysis shows (Lemongello, S. 2011). Conclusion This paper informed us on the necessity of the need for Southern New Jersey ambulatory care clinic. With the increase in population the need became great and this new addition to the already new hospital will provide convenience to the people in and the surrounding communities. Virtua will not only provide patient care, but also educate the people in the community on public safety and well being such as; diabetes, hypertension and other ailments that plague its citizens. The massive 300,000 square foot of space will accommodate a lot of patients and their families. Hence, providing same day outpatient surgery provided in the ambulatory clinic is an added bonus. Many patients are excited about the new hospital addition and many are saying that it is convenient for them as well as their families. Southern New Jersey is a very large area and it has an equally large population. This will be a great addition to the already renovated hospital. Reference Lemongello, S. (2011). Southern New Jersey’s immigrant population continues to grow. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/34000.html Virtua Voorhees. (2011). welcome to Welcome to Virtua Voorhees. Retrieved from http://www.Virtua of Voorhees Southern New Jersey